15. May 2008 by admin.

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15. May 2008 by admin.

Remote Desktop Protocol is based on, and is an extension of, the T-120 family of protocol standards. A multichannel capable protocol allows for separate virtual channels for carrying presentation data, serial device communication, licensing information, highly encrypted data (keyboard, mouse activity), and so on. As RDP is an extension of the core T.Share protocol, several other capabilities are retained as part of the RDP, such as the architectural features necessary to support multipoint (multiparty sessions). Multipoint data delivery allows data from an application to be delivered in “real-time” to multiple parties without having to send the same data to each session individually (for example, Virtual Whiteboards).

In this first release of Windows Terminal Server, however, we are concentrating on providing reliable and fast point-to-point (single- session) communications. Only one data channel will be used in the initial release of Terminal Server 4.0 However, the flexibility of RDP gives plenty of room for functionality in future products.

One reason that Microsoft decided to implement RDP for connectivity purposes within Windows NT Terminal Server is that it provides a very extensible base from which to build many more capabilities. This is because RDP provides 64,000 separate channels for data transmission. However, current transmission activities are only using a single channel (for keyboard, mouse, and presentation data).

Also, RDP is designed to support many different types of Network topologies (such as ISDN, POTS, and many LAN protocols such as IPX, NetBIOS, TCP/IP, and so on). The current version of RDP will only run over TCP/IP but, with customer feedback, other protocol support may be added in future versions.

The activity involved in sending and receiving data through the RDP stack is essentially the same as the seven-layer OSI model standards for common LAN networking today. Data from an application or service to be transmitted is passed down through the protocol stacks, sectioned, directed to a channel (through MCS), encrypted, wrapped, framed, packaged onto the network protocol, and finally addressed and sent over the wire to the client. The returned data works the same way only in reverse, with the packet being stripped of its address, then unwrapped, decrypted, and so on until the data is presented to the application for use. Key portions of the protocol stack modifications occur between the fourth and seventh layers, where the data is encrypted, wrapped and framed, directed to a channel and prioritized.

One of the key points for application developers is that, in using RDP, Microsoft has abstracted away the complexities of dealing with the protocol stack. This allows them to simply write clean, well-designed, well-behaved 32-bit applications, and then the RDP stack implemented by the Terminal Server and its client connections takes care of the rest.

For more information on how applications interact on the Terminal Server and what to be aware of when developing applications for a Windows Terminal Server infrastructure, look at the “Optimizing Applications for Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition” white paper available on the following Microsoft Web site:

http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/win2kts/maintain/optimize/tsappdev.mspx Four components worth discussing within the RDP stack instance are the Multipoint Communication Service (MCSMUX), the Generic Conference Control (GCC), Wdtshare.sys, and Tdtcp.sys. MCSmux and GCC are part of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) T.120 family. The MCS is made up of two standards: T.122, which defines the multipoint services, and T.125, which specifies the data transmission protocol. MCSMux controls channel assignment (by multiplexing data onto predefined virtual channels within the protocol), priority levels, and segmentation of data being sent. It essentially abstracts the multiple RDP stacks into a single entity, from the perspective of the GCC. GCC is responsible for management of those multiple channels. The GCC allows the creation and deletion of session connections and controls resources provided by MCS. Each Terminal Server protocol (currently, only RDP and Citrix’s ICA are supported) will have a protocol stack instance loaded (a listener stack awaiting a connection request). The Terminal Server device driver coordinates and manages the RDP protocol activity and is made up of smaller components, an RDP driver (Wdtshare.sys) for UI transfer, compression, encryption, framing, and so on, and a transport driver (Tdtcp.sys) to package the protocol onto the underlying network protocol, TCP/IP.

RDP was developed to be entirely independent of its underlying transport stack, in this case TCP/IP. RDP, being completely independent of its transport stack, means that we can add other transport drivers for other network protocols as customers needs for them grow, with little or no significant changes to the foundational parts of the protocol. These are key elements to the performance and extendibility of RDP on the network.

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15. May 2008 by admin.

Windows NT, 2000, and XP

To see what IP address, default gateway, and subnet mask your computer is using:

1. Click the Start button and select All Programs (XP) or Programs (NT and 2000).
2. Select Accessories, then Command Prompt (2000 and XP), or Command Prompt (NT).
3. At the command prompt, enter: ipconfig
4. To close the command prompt, enter: exit

For other IP information on Windows, including the physical address, at the command prompt, enter:

ipconfig /all | moreThis will give you information regarding your computer’s TCP/IP setup, including:

Host name
DNS servers
Physical address
IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
WINS servers

The IP address will be a series of numbers following the pattern xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, for example, 156.56.27.32.

The physical address, which many people call the MAC address, will be a series of six hexadecimal number pairs following the pattern xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, for example, 00-40-A4-F3-C0-01.

Note: If you have more than one active network adapter, you will see multiple entries here. Many laptop users nowadays have at least two adapters: one for the regular Ethernet adapter, and one for the wireless 802.11b or 802.11g card. Some computers will have three entries or more (for example, for either an infrared or a Bluetooth adapter). Sometimes it’s easy to distinguish between the two (for example, one of them will say “wireless” next to “Description:”), but other times it’s not (the description will give only a manufacturer and model). You may have to consult the manufacturer’s documentation for your computer to tell which section of the ipconfig/all | more output refers to which network adapter.

Windows XP, without using the command prompt

Alternatively, in Windows XP, if you want to find this information and want to stay within the graphic user interface, or for any reason do not want to use DOS commands, you can find this information by doing the following:

1. Right-click the My Network Places icon, and then select Properties.
2. Double-click the Local Area Connection icon. Occasionally, there will be a number on the end (e.g., Local Area Connection 2); it depends on your computer’s configuration. If you are looking for the MAC address for a wireless adapter, the icon will normally be named Wireless Network Connection.
3. Click the Support tab.
4. Click the Details... button.

The physical address (MAC address) and IP address will be listed in the window that appears.

Windows 95, 98, and Me

To check your computer’s IP address or physical address, follow the steps below:

1. Click the Start button and select Run... .
2. Type winipcfg and click OK.
3. From the drop-down menu, select the adapter being used for your connection:
   • Select PPP Adapter if you’re dialing in.
   • Select the Ethernet adapter if you’re connected to a LAN or a broadband connection.
   • Select the wireless adapter if you’re connected via wireless.

The IP address will appear in its labeled field. The MAC address will appear in a field labeled Adapter Address.

Alternatively, you may follow these steps:

1. Click the Start button and select Settings, then Control Panel.
2. Double-click Network. Select TCP/IP, then click Properties.

The IP address appears under the IP Address page tab

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15. May 2008 by admin.

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15. May 2008 by admin.

This is often found on a computer that has hardware problems. I found a great site to troubleshoot errors. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms789516.aspx

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